Abuelazm MT, Ghanem A, Katamesh BE, et al. Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2023;28(5):e13075. doi:10.1111/anec.13075
Aicua Rapun I, Novy J, Solari D, Oddo M, Rossetti AO. Early Lance-Adams syndrome after cardiac arrest: prevalence, time to return to awareness, and outcome in a large cohort. Resuscitation. 2017;115:169-172. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.03.020
Akhtar W, Baston VR, Berman M, et al. British societies guideline on the management of emergencies in implantable left ventricular assist device recipients in transplant centres. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50(4):493-501. doi:10.1007/s00134-024-07382-y
Ali JM, Abu-Omar Y. Complications associated with mechanical circulatory support. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(13):835. doi:10.21037/atm.2020.03.152
Aljanoubi M, Almazrua M, Drennan I, et al. Emergency front of neck airway access in adult cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated December 5, 2023. Accessed September 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/emergency-front-of-neck-airway-access-in-adult-cardiac-arrest-als-tf-scr
Aljanoubi M, Almazrua AA, Johnson S, et al. Emergency front-of-neck access in cardiac arrest: a scoping review. Resusc Plus. 2024;18:100653. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100653
Alqahtani S, Nehme Z, Williams B, Bernard S, Smith K. Long-term trends in the epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest precipitated by suspected drug overdose. Resuscitation. 2019;144:17-24. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.08.036
Alshahrani MS, Aldandan HW. Use of sodium bicarbonate in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Emerg Med. 2021;14(1):21. doi:10.1186/s12245-021-00344-x
Alsumait A, El Fawal N, Abouzaki N. Appropriateness of sodium bicarbonate use during resuscitation if in-hospital cardiac arrest at a tertiary care center [Abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(9):1653.
Ameloot K, De Deyne C, Eertmans W, et al. Early goal-directed haemodynamic optimization of cerebral oxygenation in comatose survivors after cardiac arrest: the neuroprotect post-cardiac arrest trial. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(22):1804-14. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz120
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Adult Resuscitation Subcommittee. Cardiac arrest secondary to hyperthermia. Updated June 2022. Accessed October 1, 2022. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbcO/fiXlBOC4yOUzzlKF0UMLbDBi_zMbRVZgJG6NYqOrpOE
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Adult Resuscitation Subcommittee. Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory shockable rhythm. June 2023. Accessed September 7, 2025. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/KV000000G0Yp/wJkL09dkIUnO9yz1mL2QRTeGh9CH7hyfgHthq0Z8Ndo
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Adult Resuscitation Subcommittee. Targeted temperature management. August 2021. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001Ropl/inwj2VYqjbiuLM9LI48XcSZp_Z75J9Sfj8VDMxWlAmE
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Adult Resuscitation Subcommittee. Traumatic brain injury osmotic agents. Updated June 2022. Accessed October 1, 2022. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xQot/suacrg0bfRsd3sV5B22bkNAwB7MtQTrTGNw6jMIJ254
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Adult Resuscitation Subcommittee. Vasopressin and steroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. January 2022. Accessed September 7, 2025. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000tbUr/OVFRCCLF2i78jilyIgFOlMgjWEi0IiDolsvy.ftscnc
Anantharaman V, Ng BL, Ang SH, et al. Prompt use of mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the MECCA study report. Singapore Med J. Jul 2017;58(7):424-431. doi:10.11622/smedj.2017071
Andersen LW, Isbye D, Kjærgaard J, et al. Effect of vasopressin and methylprednisolone vs placebo on return of spontaneous circulation in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(16):1586-1594. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.16628
Avni T, Lador A, Lev S, Leibovici L, Paul M, Grossman A. Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoSOne. 2015;10(8):e0129305. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129305
Baloglu Kaya F, Acar N, Ozakin E, Canakci ME, Kuas C, Bilgin M. Comparison of manual and mechanical chest compression techniques using cerebral oximetry in witnessed cardiac arrests at the emergency department: a prospective, randomized clinical study. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;41:163-169. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.031
Barcala-Furelos R, Fernández-Méndez M, Cano-Noguera F, Otero-Agra M, Morán-Navarro R, Martínez-Isasi S. Measuring the physiological impact of extreme heat on lifeguards during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: randomized simulation study. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(10):2019-2027. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.042
Barssoum K, Patel H, Rai D, et al. Outcomes of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with left ventricular assist device; an insight from a national inpatient sample. Heart Lung Circ. 2022;31(2):246-254. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2021.05.096
Belohlavek J, Smalcova J, Rob D, et al. Effect of intra-arrest transport, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and immediate invasive assessment and treatment on functional neurologic outcome in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;327(8):737-747. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.1025
Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, et al. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2023;148(24):e187-e280. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001179.
Berg KM, Hsu CH, Considine J, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation for cardiac arrest when patients are in the prone position. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/prone-cpr-als-systematic-review
Berg KM, Soar J, Andersen LW, et al. Adult advanced life support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16 Suppl 1):S92-S139. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000893
Bernard SA, Bray JE, Smith K, et al. Effect of lower vs higher oxygen saturation targets on survival to hospital discharge among patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the EXACT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;328(18):1818-1826. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.17701
Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):557-563. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa003289
Bierens J, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, et al. Airway management in drowning. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-856-airway-management-in-drowning-tf-scoping-review
Bierens J, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, et al. Criteria for discharge in drowning. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-856-criteria-for-discharge-in-drowning-tf-scoping-review
Bierens J, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, et al. Extra corporeal membrane xygenator (ECMO) in drowning. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-856-extra-corporeal-membrane-oxygenator-ecmo-in-drowning-tf-scoping-review
Bierens J, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, et al. Mechanical ventilation in drowning. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-856-mechanical-ventilation-in-drowning-tf-scoping-review
Boone MD, Oren-Grinberg A, Robinson TM, Chen CC, Kasper EM. Mannitol or hypertonic saline in the setting of traumatic brain injury: what have we learned? Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:177. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.170248
Bougouin W, Slimani K, Renaudier M, et al. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine in cardiac arrest patients with post-resuscitation shock. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(3):300-310. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06608-7
Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial Group. Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(7):397-403. doi:10.1056/nejm198602133140701
Bray JE, Hein C, Smith K, et al. Oxygen titration after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multi-centre, randomised controlled pilot study (the EXACT pilot trial). Resuscitation. 2018;128:211-215. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.04.019
Bray J, Skrifvars MB, Bernard S. Oxygen targets after cardiac arrest: a narrative review. Resuscitation. 2023;189:109899. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109899
Bray JE, Smyth MA, Perkins GD, et al; Basic Life Support Task Force Collaborators. Basic Life Support: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2025 Oct 21;152(16_suppl_1):S34-S71. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001364. Epub 2025 Oct 22. PMID: 41122845.
Bro-Jeppesen J, Annborn M, Hassager C, et al. Hemodynamics and vasopressor support during targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a post hoc study of the target temperature management trial. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(2):318-327. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000691
Burke CR, Chan T, Brogan TV, et al. Extracorporeal life support for victims of drowning. Resuscitation. 2016;104:19-23. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.04.005
Callaway CW. Epinephrine for cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013;28(1):36-42. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32835b0979
Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al. Part 4: Advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S84-S145. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000273
Cashen K, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Calcium use during paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with worse outcomes. Resuscitation. 2023;185:109673. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.109673
Cecconi M, Hernandez G, Dunser M, et al. Fluid administration for acute circulatory dysfunction using basic monitoring: narrative review and expert panel recommendations from an ESICM task force. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(1):21-32. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5415-2
Chamberlain MJ. Emergency treatment of hyperkalaemia. Lancet. 1964;1(7331):464-467. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90797-4
Champigneulle B, Bellenfant-Zegdi F, Follin A, et al. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for refractory cardiac arrest after drowning: an 11-year experience. Resuscitation. 2015;88:126-131. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.11.023
Celebi Yamanoglu NG, Yamanoglu A. The effect of calcium gluconate in the treatment of hyperkalemia. Turk J Emerg Med. 2022;22(2):75-82. doi:10.4103/2452-2473.342812
Chen H, Song Z, Dennis JA. Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure-lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):Cd010904. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010904.pub3
Cheskes S, Dorian P, Feldman M, et al. Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation: the DOSE VF pilot randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2020;150:178-184. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.010
Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Drennan IR, et al. Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(21):1947-1956. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207304
Choi HJ, Noh H. Successful defibrillation using double sequence defibrillation: case reports. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(10):e24992. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024992
Contenti J, Corraze H, Lemoël F, Levraut J. Effectiveness of arterial, venous, and capillary blood lactate as a sepsis triage tool in ED patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(2):167-172. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.11.003
Couper K, Andersen LW, Drennan IR, et al. Intraosseous and intravenous vascular access during adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2025;207:110481. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110481
Couper K, Andersen LW, Drennan IR, et al. Intravenous and intraosseous drug administration for cardiac arrest in adults. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated November 6, 2024. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/io-v-iv-drugs-als-2046-tf-sr
Couper K, Ji C, Deakin CD, et al. A randomized trial of drug route in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(4):336-348. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2407780
Couper K, Quinn T, Booth K, et al. Mechanical versus manual chest compressions in the treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients in a non-shockable rhythm: a multi-centre feasibility randomised controlled trial (COMPRESS-RCT). Resuscitation. 2021;158:228-235. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.033
Crescioli E, Lass Klitgaard T, Perner A, Lilleholt Schjørring O, Steen Rasmussen B. Lower versus higher oxygenation targets in hypoxaemic ICU patients after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2023;188:109838. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109838
Cronberg T, Skrifvars MB, Nolan JP, et al. Post-cardiac arrest seizure prophylaxis and treatment. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated January 5, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/post-cardiac-arrest-seizure-prophylaxis-and-treatment-tf-systematic-review
Dabrowski W, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Robba C, et al. Potentially detrimental effects of hyperosmolality in patients treated for traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18). doi:10.3390/jcm10184141
Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, et al. Hypothermia versus normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(24):2283-2294. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2100591
Deakin CD, Morley P, Soar J, Drennan IR. Double (dual) sequential defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2020;155:24-31. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.06.008
Desch S, Freund A, Akin I, et al. Angiography after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(27):2544-2553. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2101909
Dezfulian C, Orkin AM, Maron BA, et al. Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(16):e836-e870. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000958
Dillon DG, Montoy JCC, Nishijima DK, et al. Naloxone and patient outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in California. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2429154. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29154
Doan TN, Adams L, Schultz BV, et al. Insights into the epidemiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced consciousness in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Emerg Med Australas. 2020;32(5):769-776. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.13505
Dohi S, Ichizuka K, Matsuoka R, Seo K, Nagatsuka M, Sekizawa A. Coronary perfusion pressure and compression quality in maternal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in supine and left-lateral tilt positions: a prospective, crossover study using mannequins and swine models. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;216:98-103. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.07.019
Drennan IR, Berg KM, Böttiger BW, et al; Advanced Life Support Task Force Collaborators. Advanced Life Support: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2025 Oct 21;152(16_suppl_1):S72-S115. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001360. Epub 2025 Oct 22. PMID: 41122842.
Drennan IR, Dorian P, McLeod S, et al. Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation (DOSE VF): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):977. doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04904-z
Drennan IR, Nikolaou N, Netherton S, et al. Early coronary angiography post-ROSC. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/early-coronary-angiography-post-rosc-als-costr-systematic-review
Eastwood G, Nichol AD, Hodgson C, et al. Mild hypercapnia or normocapnia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(1):45-57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2214552
Eastwood GM, Schneider AG, Suzuki S, et al. Targeted therapeutic mild hypercapnia after cardiac arrest: a phase II multi-centre randomised controlled trial (the CCC trial). Resuscitation. 2016;104:83-90. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.03.023
Eastwood GM, Tanaka A, Espinoza ED, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy in mechanically ventilated patients following cardiac arrest: a retrospective nested cohort study. Resuscitation. 2016;101:108-114. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.11.026
Eggertsen MA, Munch Johannsen C, Kovacevic A, et al. Sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride for the treatment of hyperkalemia-induced cardiac arrest: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled animal study. Crit Care Med. 2024;52(2):e67-e78. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000006089
Elmer J, Rittenberger JC, Faro J, et al. Clinically distinct electroencephalographic phenotypes of early myoclonus after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol. 2016;80(2):175-184.
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063-e1143. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005337
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Live Registry Dashboard of ECMO Patient Data. ELSO. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://elso.org/registry/elsoliveregistrydashboard.aspx
Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mellhammar L, Rose N, et al. Incidence and mortality of hospital- and ICU-treated sepsis: results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1552-1562. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06151-x
Ford ND, DeSisto CL, Galang RR, Kuklina EV, Sperling LS, Ko JY. Cardiac arrest during delivery hospitalization: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(4):472-479. doi:10.7326/m22-2750
François B, Cariou A, Clere-Jehl R, et al. Prevention of early ventilator-associated pneumonia after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(19):1831-1842.
Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185-2196. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503326
Gao C, Chen Y, Peng H, Chen Y, Zhuang Y, Zhou S. Clinical evaluation of the AutoPulse automated chest compression device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the northern district of Shanghai, China. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12(3):563-570. doi:10.5114/aoms.2016.59930
Garner AA, Barker CL, Weatherall AD. Retrospective evaluation of prehospital triage, presentation, interventions and outcome in paediatric drowning managed by a physician staffed helicopter emergency medical service. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:92. doi:10.1186/s13049-015-0177-0
Grand J, Meyer AS, Kjaergaard J, et al. A randomised double-blind pilot trial comparing a mean arterial pressure target of 65 mm Hg versus 72 mm Hg after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020;9(4 Suppl):S100-S109. doi:10.1177/2048872619900095
Granfeldt A, Holmberg M, Andersen LW, Ng KC, Djakow J. Pharmacological interventions for the acute treatment of hyperkalemia. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/pharmacological-interventions-for-the-acute-treatment-of-hyperkalemia-als-3403-tf-sr
Granfeldt A, Holmberg MJ, Nolan JP, Soar J, Andersen LW. Targeted temperature management in adult cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2021;167:160-172. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.08.040
Granfeldt A, Holmberg MJ, Soar J, et al. Temperature control in adult cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated January 2024. Accessed September 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/temperature-control-in-adult-cardiac-arrest-als-tf-sr
Greif R, Bray JE, Djärv T, et al. 2024 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2024;150(24):e580-e687. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001288
Griffiths MJD, McAuley DF, Perkins GD, et al. Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2019;6(1):e000420. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000420
Grunau B, O’Neil B, Giustini D, Drennan IA, Lavonas EJ. Opioid-specific advanced life support therapies for cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/opioid-specific-advanced-life-support-therapies-for-cardiac-arrest-als-3451-tf-sr
Grunau B, O’Neil BJ, Giustini D, Drennan IR, Lavonas EJ. Opioid-associated cardiac arrest: a systematic review of intra-arrest naloxone and other opioid-specific advanced life-support therapies. Resusc Plus. 2025;22:100906. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100906
Hallstrom A, Rea TD, Sayre MR, et al. Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(22):2620-2628. doi:10.1001/jama.295.22.2620
Hanisch JR, Counts CR, Latimer AJ, Rea TD, Yin L, Sayre MR. Causes of chest compression interruptions during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(6):e015599. doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015599
Haywood KL, Ji C, Quinn T, et al. Long term outcomes of participants in the PARAMEDIC2 randomised trial of adrenaline in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2021;160:84-93. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.019
Henry TD, Tomey MI, Tamis-Holland JE, et al. Invasive management of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(15):e815-e829. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000959
Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón GA, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock: the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(7):654-664. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0071
Hess EP, Campbell RL, White RD. Epidemiology, trends, and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac origin. Resuscitation. 2007;72(2):200-206. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.06.040
Hifumi T, Kuroda Y, Kawakita K, et al. Effect of admission Glasgow Coma Scale motor score on neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients receiving therapeutic hypothermia. Circ J. 2015;79(10):2201-2208. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0308
Hirsch K, Sandroni C, Skrifvars M, Humaloja J. EEG for prediction of good neurologic outcome. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated December 15, 2022. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/eeg-for-prediction-of-good-neurological-outcome-als-tfsr
Hirsch LJ, Fong MWK, Leitinger M, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society’s standardized critical care EEG terminology: 2021 version. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;38(1):1-29. doi:10.1097/wnp.0000000000000806
Holmberg MJ, Berg KM, Ikeyama T. Oxygenation and ventilation targets in adults with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support and Basic Life Support Task Forces. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide-targets-in-patients-with-return-of-spontaneous-circulation-after-cardiac-arrest-als-3305-3506-3516-3517-tf-sr
Holmberg MJ, Fernando S, Elshaer A, Leong C, Drennan I. Vasopressors in adult cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/vasopressors-in-adult-cardiac-arrest-als-3208-tf-sr
Holmberg MJ, Geri G, Wiberg S, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2018;131:91-100. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.07.029
Holmberg MJ, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: an updated systematic review. Resuscitation. 2023;182:109665. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.12.003
Holmberg MJ, Granfeldt A, Mentzelopoulos SD, Andersen LW. Vasopressin and glucocorticoids for in-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Resuscitation. 2022;171:48-56. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.12.030
Holmberg MJ, Ikeyama T, Garg R, et al. Oxygen and carbon dioxide targets in patients with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support and Basic Life Support Task Forces. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide-targets-in-patients-with-return-of-spontaneous-circulation-after-cardiac-arrest-als-sr
Holmberg MJ, Issa MS, Moskowitz A, et al. Vasopressors during adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2019;139:106-121. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.008
Holmberg MJ, Nicholson T, Nolan JP, et al. Oxygenation and ventilation targets after cardiac arrest: a systematic review 2020 and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2020;152:107-115. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.031
Hsu CH, Couper K, Nix T, et al. Calcium during cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support and Pediatric Life Support Task Forces. Updated December 6, 2022. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/calcium-during-cardiac-arrest-als-tfsr
Hsu CH, Meurer WJ, Domeier R, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (EROCA): results of a randomized feasibility trial of expedited out-of-hospital transport. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(1):92-101. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.11.011
Hubert H, Escutnaire J, Michelet P, et al. Can we identify termination of resuscitation criteria in cardiac arrest due to drowning: results from the French national out-of-hospital cardiac arrest registry. J Eval Clin Pract. 2016;22(6):924-931. doi:10.1111/jep.12562
Hylands M, Moller MH, Asfar P, et al. A systematic review of vasopressor blood pressure targets in critically ill adults with hypotension. Can J Anaesth. 2017;64(7):703-715. doi:10.1007/s12630-017-0877-1
Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the task force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-177. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) for cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated January 2024. Accessed September 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/extracorporeal-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-ecpr-for-cardiac-arrest-als-sr
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) for prediction of good neurological outcome. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Adult Task Force. Updated February 1, 2023. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/short-latency-somatosensory-evoked-potentials-sseps-for-prediction-of-good-neurological-outcome-als-tfsr
Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL. Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2011;82(9):1138-1143. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.029
Jakkula P, Pettilä V, Skrifvars MB, et al. Targeting low-normal or high-normal mean arterial pressure after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a randomised pilot trial. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(12):2091-2101. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5446-8
Jakkula P, Reinikainen M, Hästbacka J, et al. Targeting two different levels of both arterial carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a randomised pilot trial. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(12):2112-2121. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5453-9
Jang J, Oh SH, Nam Y, et al. Prognostic value of phase information of 2D T2*-weighted gradient echo brain imaging in cardiac arrest survivors: a preliminary study. Resuscitation. 2019;140:142-149. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.05.026
Jessen MK, Andersen LW, Djakow J, et al. Pharmacological interventions for the acute treatment of hyperkalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2025;208:110489. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110489
Joanknecht L, Argent AC, van Dijk M, van As AB. Childhood drowning in South Africa: local data should inform prevention strategies. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(2):123-130. doi:10.1007/s00383-014-3637-0
Kieboom JK, Verkade HJ, Burgerhof JG, et al. Outcome after resuscitation beyond 30 minutes in drowned children with cardiac arrest and hypothermia: Dutch nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h418. doi:10.1136/bmj.h418
Kilgannon JH, Roberts BW, Reihl LR, et al. Early arterial hypotension is common in the post-cardiac arrest syndrome and associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Resuscitation. 2008;79(3):410-416. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.019
Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C, et al. Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(1):45-52. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282173
Kim JH, Nagy Á, Putzu A, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of high quality randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(7):1047-1054. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004364
Kim JS, Ryoo SM, Kim YJ, et al. Augmented-Medication CardioPulmonary Resuscitation trials in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):378. doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04248-x
Kjaergaard J, Møller JE, Schmidt H, et al. Blood-pressure targets in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(16):1456-1466. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208687
Kochanek PM, Adelson PD, Rosario BL, et al. Comparison of intracranial pressure measurements before and after hypertonic saline or mannitol treatment in children with severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(3):e220891. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0891
Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3S Suppl 1):S1-S82. doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000001735
Koster RW, Beenen LF, van der Boom EB, et al. Safety of mechanical chest compression devices AutoPulse and LUCAS in cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial for non-inferiority. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(40):3006-3013. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx318
Kranc H, Novack V, Shtein A, Sherman R, Novack L. Extreme temperature and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Nationwide study in a hot climate country. Environ Health. 2021;20(1):38. doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00722-1
Krismer AC, Dünser MW, Lindner KH, et al. Vasopressin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and different shock states: a review of the literature. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2006;6(1):51-68. doi:10.2165/00129784-200606010-00005
Kuisma M, Boyd J, Voipio V, Alaspää A, Roine RO, Rosenberg P. Comparison of 30 and the 100% inspired oxygen concentrations during early post-resuscitation period: a randomised controlled pilot study. Resuscitation. 2006;69(2):199-206. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.08.010
Kuttab HI, Lykins JD, Hughes MD, et al. Evaluation and predictors of fluid resuscitation in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(11):1582-1590. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000003960
Lamontagne F, Meade MO, Hébert PC, et al. Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy in shock: a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(4):542-550. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4237-3
Lamontagne F, Richards-Belle A, Thomas K, et al. Effect of reduced exposure to vasopressors on 90-day mortality in older critically ill patients with vasodilatory hypotension: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(10):938-949. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0930
Lara B, Enberg L, Ortega M, et al. Capillary refill time during fluid resuscitation in patients with sepsis-related hyperlactatemia at the emergency department is related to mortality. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0188548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188548
Lascarrou JB, Merdji H, Le Gouge A, et al. Targeted temperature management for cardiac arrest with nonshockable rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(24):2327-2337. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1906661
Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2023;148(16):e149-e184. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001161
Lavonas EJ, Grunau B, Drennan IA. Buffering agents for cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/buffering-agents-for-cardiac-arrest-als-3205-tf-sr
Lee KS, Lee SE, Choi JY, et al. Useful computed tomography score for estimation of early neurologic outcome in post-cardiac arrest patients with therapeutic hypothermia. Circ J. 2017;81(11):1628-1635. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-16-1327
Levy B, Clere-Jehl R, Legras A, et al. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(2):173-182. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.051
Li CJ, Wu KH, Chen CC, Law YY, Chuang PC, Chen YC. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine use for the treatment of hypotension in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation. Emerg Med Int. August 18, 2020:7951025. doi:10.1155/2020/7951025
Liu J, Varghese BM, Hansen A, et al. Heat exposure and cardiovascular health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6(6):e484-e495. doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00117-6
Liu VX, Fielding-Singh V, Greene JD, et al. The timing of early antibiotics and hospital mortality in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(7):856-863. doi:10.1164/rccm.201609-1848OC
Ljungström L, Pernestig AK, Jacobsson G, Andersson R, Usener B, Tilevik D. Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin, neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio, C-reactive protein, and lactate in patients with suspected bacterial sepsis. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181704. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181704
Longstreth WT, Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA. Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2002;59(4):506-514. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.4.506
Love C, Boivin Z, Doko D, Duignan K, She T. Does naloxone improve outcomes in cardiac arrests related to opiate overdose? [Abstract]. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2023;(30)(S1):260. doi:10.1111/acem.14718
Lu XG, Kang X, Gong DB. The clinical efficacy of Thumper modal 1007 cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective randomized control trial. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue (Chinese Critical Care Medicine). 2010;22(8):496-497.
Mackle D, Bellomo R, Bailey M, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(11):989-998.
Martin-Conty JL, Polonio-López B, Maestre-Miquel C, et al. Physiological response of quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation, crossover trial on mannequin in extreme temperature conditions. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(16). doi:10.3390/ijerph17165835
Mauri T, Turrini C, Eronia N, et al. Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(9):1207-1215. doi:10.1164/rccm.201605-0916OC
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-3726. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C, et al. Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(3):270-279. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.7832
Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Tzoufi M, et al. Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(1):15-24. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.509
Meurer WJ, Schmitzberger FF, Yeatts S, et al. Influence of cooling duration on efficacy in cardiac arrest patients (ICECAP): study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, adaptive allocation clinical trial to identify the optimal duration of induced hypothermia for neuroprotection in comatose, adult survivors of after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Trials. 2024;25(1):502. doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08280-w
Meyer MAS, Hassager C, Mølstrøm S, et al. Combined effects of targeted blood pressure, oxygenation, and duration of device-based fever prevention after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on 1-year survival: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):20. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04794-y
Mhyre JM, Tsen LC, Einav S, Kuklina EV, Leffert LR, Bateman BT. Cardiac arrest during hospitalization for delivery in the United States, 1998–2011. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(4):810-818. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000159
Michelet P, Bouzana F, Charmensat O, et al. Acute respiratory failure after drowning: a retrospective multicenter survey. Eur J Emerg Med. 2017;24(4):295-300. doi:10.1097/mej.0000000000000362
Misango D, Pattnaik R, Baker T, Dünser MW, Dondorp AM, Schultz MJ. Hemodynamic assessment and support in sepsis and septic shock in resource-limited settings. In: Dondorp AM, Dünser MW, Schultz MJ, eds. Sepsis Management in Resource-Limited Settings. Springer Open; 2019:151-162.
Møller JE, Engstrøm T, Jensen LO, et al. Microaxial flow pump or standard care in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(15):1382-1393. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2312572
Monsalve F, Rucabado L, Ruano M, Cuñat J, Lacueva V, Viñuales A. The neurologic effects of thiopental therapy after cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 1987;13(4):244-248. doi:10.1007/bf00265112
Morris E, McCartney D, Lasserson D, Van den Bruel A, Fisher R, Hayward G. Point-of-care lactate testing for sepsis at presentation to health care: a systematic review of patient outcomes. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(665):e859-e870. doi:10.3399/bjgp17X693665
Morrison LJ, Jeejeebhoy FM. Estimating maternal cardiac arrest incidence and outcomes: a rare and challenging complication of pregnancy that behooves preparedness. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(4):790-791. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000162
Moseby-Knappe M, Westhall E, Backman S, et al. Performance of a guideline-recommended algorithm for prognostication of poor neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(10):1852-1862. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06080-9
Moskowitz A, Pocock H, Lagina A, et al. Resuscitation of patients with durable mechanical circulatory support with acutely altered perfusion or cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support, Basic Life Support, and Pediatric Life Support Task Forces. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/resuscitation-of-durable-mechanical-circulatory-supported-patients-with-acutely-altered-perfusion-or-cardiac-arrest-als-scr
Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A, Lipman J, Ramakrishnan N, Santamaria J. A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(12):2226-2234. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1219-0
Naoum EE, Chalupka A, Haft J, et al. Extracorporeal life support in pregnancy: a systematic review. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(13):e016072. doi:10.1161/jaha.119.016072
National Center for Health Statistics. Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 2, 2025. http://wonder.cdc.gov.
Nicholson TC, Couper K, Drennan I, et al. Use of vasopressin and corticosteroids during cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated February 13, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/use-of-vasopressin-and-corticosteroids-during-cardiac-arrest
Nicholson TC, Hirsch K, Berg KM, Drennan I, Lavonas E, Task Force. Effect of seizure treatment for adults and children following cardiac arrest on patient outcomes. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated January 2024. Accessed September 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/effect-of-prophylaxis-and-treatment-of-seizures-on-outcome-of-adults-following-cardiac-arrest-als-tfsr
Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, et al. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(23):2197-2206. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1310519
Niemelä V, Siddiqui F, Ameloot K, et al. Higher versus lower blood pressure targets after cardiac arrest: systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2023;189:109862. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109862
Nikolaou NI, Netherton S, Welsford M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of routine early angiography in patients with return of spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2021;163:28-48. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.03.019
Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Ji C, et al. Intraosseous versus intravenous administration of adrenaline in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the PARAMEDIC2 placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):954-962. doi:10.1007/s00134-019-05920-7
Normand S, Matthews C, Brown CS, et al. Risk of arrhythmia in post-resuscitative shock after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with epinephrine versus norepinephrine. Am J Emerg Med. 2024;77:72-76. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.12.003
Oh SH, Park KN, Choi SP, et al. Beyond dichotomy: patterns and amplitudes of SSEPs and neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):224. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2510-x
Oh SH, Park KN, Shon YM, et al. Continuous amplitude-integrated electroencephalographic monitoring is a useful prognostic tool for hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients. Circulation. 2015;132(12):1094-1103. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.015754
Ohshimo S, Drennan I, Deakin CD, Soar J, Berg KM. Double sequential defibrillation strategy for cardiac arrest with refractory shockable rhythm. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated May 4, 2023. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/double-sequential-defibrillation-strategy-for-cardiac-arrest-with-refractory-shockable-rhythm-als-tf-sr
Olasveengen TM, Mancini ME, Perkins GD, et al. Adult basic life support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. Oct 20 2020;142(16 Suppl 1):S41-S91. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000892
Olaussen A, Shepherd M, Nehme Z, et al. CPR-induced consciousness: a cross-sectional study of healthcare practitioners’ experience. Australas Emerg Nurs J. 2016;19(4):186-190. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2016.07.002
Ong G, Maconochie I, Aicken R, et al. Oxygen titration during pediatric cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/oxygen-titration-during-pediatric-cardiac-arrest-pls-396-scoping-review
Pansiritanachot W, Vathanavalun O, Chakorn T. Early post-resuscitation outcomes in patients receiving norepinephrine versus epinephrine for post-resuscitation shock in a non-trauma emergency department: a parallel-group, open-label, feasibility randomized controlled trial. Resusc Plus. 2024;17:100551. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100551
Paoli CJ, Reynolds MA, Sinha M, Gitlin M, Crouser E. Epidemiology and costs of sepsis in the United States—an analysis based on timing of diagnosis and severity level. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(12):1889-1897. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000003342
Park JS, In YN, You YH, et al. Ultra-early neurologic outcome prediction of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors using combined diffusion-weighted imaging findings and quantitative analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient. Resuscitation. 2020;148:39-48. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.021
Park S, Kim JY, Cho YD, Lee E, Shim B, Yoon YH. Successful resuscitation of refractory ventricular fibrillation with double sequence defibrillation. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(1):67-69. doi:10.4266/acc.2020.00122
Peberdy MA, Gluck JA, Ornato JP, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults and children with mechanical circulatory support: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(24):e1115-e1134. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000504
Peltan ID, Brown SM, Bledsoe JR, et al. ED door-to-antibiotic time and long-term mortality in sepsis. Chest. 2019;155(5):938-946. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.02.008
Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, et al. A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(8):711-721. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1806842
Perkins GD, Kenna C, Ji C, et al. The influence of time to adrenaline administration in the Paramedic 2 randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(3):426-436. doi:10.1007/s00134-019-05836-2
Perkins GD, Lall R, Quinn T, et al. Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9972):947-955. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61886-9
Pocock H, Nicholson T, Szarpak L, Soar J, Berg KM. Mechanical CPR devices. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/mechanical-cpr-devices-als-3002-tf-sr
Quinn E, Murphy E, Du Pont D, et al. Outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received naloxone in an emergency medical services system with a high prevalence of opioid overdose. J Emerg Med. 2024;67(3):e249-e258. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.03.038
Reynolds JC, Nicholson T, O’Neil B, Drennan IR, Issa M, Welsford M. Diagnostic test accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound during cardiopulmonary resuscitation to indicate the etiology of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2022;172:54-63. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.01.006
Reynolds JC, Nicholson TC, O’Neil BJ, Drennan IR, Issa M, Welsford M. Diagnostic test accuracy with point-of-care ultrasound during cardiopulmonary resuscitation to indicate the etiology of cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated February 10, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/diagnostic- test-accuracy-of-point-of-care-ultrasound-during-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-to-indicate-the-etiology-of-cardiac-arrest
Ribaric SF, Turel M, Knafelj R, et al. Prophylactic versus clinically-driven antibiotics in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest—a randomized pilot study. Resuscitation. 2017;111:103-109.
Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Hunter BR, et al. Association between early hyperoxia exposure after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and neurological disability: prospective multicenter protocol-directed cohort study. Circulation. 2018;137(20):2114-2124. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.032054
Ross C, Sorcher J, Gardner R, et al. Abstract Sa802: Why physicians use sodium bicarbonate during cardiac arrest: a mixed methods survey of adult and pediatric clinicians. Circulation. 2024;150(Suppl 1):ASa802-ASa802. doi:doi:10.1161/circ.150.suppl_1.Sa802
Rubertsson S, Lindgren E, Smekal D, et al. Mechanical chest compressions and simultaneous defibrillation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the LINC randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311(1):53-61. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282538
Ruijter BJ, Keijzer HM, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, et al. Treating rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(8):724-734. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2115998
Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J, et al. Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(9):877-887. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067373
Salas Ballestín A, de Carlos Vicente JC, Frontera Juan G, et al. Prognostic factors of children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit after an episode of drowning. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021;37(4):e192-e195. doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000001554
Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Cacciola S, et al. Prediction of good neurological outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(4):389-413. doi:10.1007/s00134-022-06618-z
Sandroni C, D’Arrigo S, Cacciola S, et al. Prediction of poor neurological outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(10):1803-1851. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06198-w
Sandroni C, Skrifvars M, Humaloja J, Hirsch K. Imaging for prediction of good neurologic outcome. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated February 1, 2023. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/imaging-for-prediction-of-good-neurological-outcome-als-tfsr
Schmidt H, Kjaergaard J, Hassager C, et al. Oxygen targets in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(16):1467-1476. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208686
Schünemann HJ, Wiercioch W, Brozek J, et al. GRADE evidence to decision (EtD) frameworks for adoption, adaptation, and de novo development of trustworthy recommendations: GRADE-ADOLOPMENT. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;81:101-110. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.09.009
Scquizzato T, Fernando S, Grunau B, et al. Mechanical circulatory support after return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/mechanical-circulatory-support-after-return-of-spontaneous-circulation-following-cardiac-arrest-a-systematic-review-als-3505-tf-sr
Semler MW, Casey JD, Lloyd BD, et al. Oxygen-saturation targets for critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(19):1759-1769. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208415
Sen A, Larson JS, Kashani KB, et al. Mechanical circulatory assist devices: a primer for critical care and emergency physicians. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):153. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1328-z
Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2235-2244. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1703058
Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):775-787. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0289
Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008
Skrifvars M, Sandroni C, Hirsch K. Use of the Glasgow Coma Scale motor score for the prediction of good outcome after cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated February 2023. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/use-of-the-glasgow-coma-scale-motor-score-for-the-prediction-of-good-outcome-after-cardiac-arrest-als-tfsr
Skrifvars MB, Chia YW, O’Neil B, et al. Vasoactive medication use after return of spontaneous circulation. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/vasopressor-choice-for-managing-low-blood-pressure-after-cardiac-arrest-als-3528-tf-sr
Skrifvars MB, Holmberg M, Ohshimo S, Berg KM, Drennan I. Mean arterial blood pressure target after cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated October 7, 2024. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/mean-arterial-blood-pressure-target-in-post-cardiac-arrest-care-patients-als-new-tfsr
Smekal D, Johansson J, Huzevka T, Rubertsson S. A pilot study of mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS™ device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2011;82(6):702-706. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.01.032
Smida T, Crowe RP, Martin PS, Scheidler JF, Price BS, Bardes JM. A retrospective, multi-agency “target trial emulation” for the comparison of post-resuscitation epinephrine to norepinephrine. Resuscitation. 2024;198:110201. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110201
Smith G, Beger S, Vadeboncoeur T, et al. Trends in overdose-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Arizona. Resuscitation. 2019;134:122-126. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.10.019
Soar J, Maconochie I, Wyckoff MH, et al. 2019 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2019;140(24):e826-e880. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000734
Soar J, Nolan JP, Andersen LW, et al. Temperature management in adult cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated October 8, 2024. Accessed September 5, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/systematic-review-temperature-management-in-adult-cardiac-arrest-als-1
Spindelboeck W, Schindler O, Moser A, et al. Increasing arterial oxygen partial pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved rates of hospital admission. Resuscitation. 2013;84(6):770-775. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.01.012
Stieglis R, Verkaik BJ, Tan HL, Koster RW, van Schuppen H, van der Werf C. Association between delay to first shock and successful first-shock ventricular fibrillation termination in patients with witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2025;151(3):235-244. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.124.069834
Stiell IG, Hebert PC, Weitzman BN, et al. High-dose epinephrine in adult cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(15):1045-1050. doi:10.1056/nejm199210083271502
Strong NH, Daya M, Neth M, Noble M, Jui J, Lupton J. The association between naloxone administration and outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to suspected overdose [Abstract]. Circulation. 2023;148(1).
Strong NH, Daya MR, Neth MR, et al. The association of early naloxone use with outcomes in non-shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. August 2024;201:110263. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110263
Suverein MM, Delnoij TSR, Lorusso R, et al. Early extracorporeal CPR for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(4):299-309. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204511
The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):549-556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012689
Thiele H, Møller JE, Henriques JPS, et al. Temporary mechanical circulatory support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials with 6-month follow-up. Lancet. 2024;404(10457):1019-1028. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01448-x
Thomas M, Voss S, Benger J, Kirby K, Nolan JP. Cluster randomised comparison of the effectiveness of 100% oxygen versus titrated oxygen in patients with a sustained return of spontaneous circulation following out of hospital cardiac arrest: a feasibility study. PROXY: post ROSC OXYgenation study. BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):16. doi:10.1186/s12873-018-0214-1
Travers AH, Perkins GD, Berg RA, et al. Part 3: Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S51-S83. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000272
Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics, 2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147(8):e93-e621. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001123
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overdose Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated June 12, 2025. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/about/index.html
Ukor IF, Walley KR. Vasopressin in vasodilatory shock. Crit Care Clin. 2019;35(2):247-261. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2018.11.004
Upadhyay P, Tripathi VN, Singh RP, Sachan D. Role of hypertonic saline and mannitol in the management of raised intracranial pressure in children: a randomized comparative study. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2010;5(1):18-21. doi:10.4103/1817-1745.66673
Vallentin MF, Granfeldt A, Klitgaard TL, et al. Intraosseous or intravenous vascular access for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(4):349-360. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2407616
Vallentin MF, Granfeldt A, Meilandt C, et al. Effect of calcium vs. placebo on long-term outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2022;179:21-24. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.07.034
Vallentin MF, Granfeldt A, Meilandt C, et al. Effect of intravenous or intraosseous calcium vs. saline on return of spontaneous circulation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(22):2268-2276. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20929
Vallentin MF, Povlsen AL, Granfeldt A, Terkelsen CJ, Andersen LW. Effect of calcium in patients with pulseless electrical activity and electrocardiographic characteristics potentially associated with hyperkalemia and ischemia—sub-study of the calcium for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (COCA) trial. Resuscitation. 2022;181:150-157. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.11.006
Van den Bosch OFC, Chaudhry R, Wicker J, et al. Predictors and hospital outcomes in pregnant patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a nationwide study. Anesth Analg. 2022;135(6):1172-1179. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006210
van der Wouw PA, Koster RW, Delemarre BJ, de Vos R, Lampe-Schoenmaeckers AJ, Lie KI. Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(3):780-783. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00218-0
Walsh M, Devereaux PJ, Garg AX, et al. Relationship between intraoperative mean arterial pressure and clinical outcomes after noncardiac surgery: toward an empirical definition of hypotension. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(3):507-515. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182a10e26
Wang CH, Huang CH, Chang WT, et al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2016;98:105-111. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.09.384
Wang RC, Montoy JCC, Rodriguez RM, Menegazzi JJ, Lacocque J, Dillon DG. Trends in presumed drug overdose out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in San Francisco, 2015–2023. Resuscitation. 2024;198:110159. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110159
Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020;21(2):e52-e106. doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000002198
Welsford M, Berg KM, Neumar RW, et al. Vasopressors in adult cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Accessed August 2, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/vasopressors-in-adult-cardiac-arrest
Wender ER, Counts CR, Van Dyke M, Sayre MR, Maynard C, Johnson NJ. Prehospital administration of norepinephrine and epinephrine for shock after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2024;28(3):453-458. doi:10.1080/10903127.2023.2252500
West RL, Otto Q, Drennan IR, et al. CPR-related cognitive activity, consciousness, awareness and recall and its management. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/consciousness-during-cpr-als-tf-scoping-review
Westhall E, Rosén I, Rundgren M, et al. Time to epileptiform activity and EEG background recovery are independent predictors after cardiac arrest. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;129(8):1660-1668. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.016
Wik L, Olsen JA, Persse D, et al. Manual vs. integrated automatic load-distributing band CPR with equal survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The randomized CIRC trial. Resuscitation. 2014;85(6):741-748. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.03.005
Wu KH, Chang CY, Chen YC, Chang CP, Hsiao CT, Weng HH. Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate administration on mortality in cardiac arrest patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Emerg Med. 2020;59(6):856-864. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.08.012
Wyckoff MH, Greif R, Morley PT, et al. 2022 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2022;146(25):e483-e557. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001095
Wyckoff MH, Singletary EM, Soar J, et al. 2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Resuscitation. 2021;169:229-311. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.10.040
Wyckoff MH, Singletary EM, Soar J, et al. 2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group. Circulation. Mar 2022;145(9):e645-e721. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001017
Xu T, Wu C, Shen Q, Xu H, Huang H. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on OHCA patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT and propensity score studies. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;73:40-46. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.08.020
Yamazaki S, Michikawa T. Association between high and low ambient temperature and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with cardiac etiology in Japan: a case-crossover study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2017;22(1):60. doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0669-9
Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G, et al. Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrillation (ARREST): a phase 2, single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10265):1807-1816. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32338-2
Young P, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy for mechanically ventilated adults with suspected hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(12):2411-2422. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06196-y
Zellner T, Gärtner R, Schopohl J, Angstwurm M. NSE and S-100B are not sufficiently predictive of neurologic outcome after therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84(10):1382-1386. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.021
Zelop CM, Shamshirsaz A, Drennan I, Berg K. Resuscitation interventions for cardiac arrest during pregnancy. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support Task Force. Updated January 19, 2024. Accessed September 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/resuscitation-interventions-for-cardiac-arrest-during-pregnancy-als-scr