Pediatric Advanced Life Support References

Abbey NV, Mashruwala V, Weydig HM, et al. Electrocardiogram for heart rate evaluation during preterm resuscitation at birth: a randomized trial. Pediatr Res. 2022;91(6):1445-1451. doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01731-z

Abd El-Fattah N, Nasef N, Al-Harrass MF, Khashaba M. Sustained lung inflation at birth for preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome: the proper pressure and duration. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2017;10(4):409-417. doi:10.3233/NPM-171760

Abend NS, Topjian A, Ichord R, et al. Electroencephalographic monitoring during hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest. Neurology. Jun 2 2009;72(22):1931-40. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a82687 

Abend NS, Topjian AA, Kessler SK, et al. Outcome prediction by motor and pupillary responses in children treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13(1):32-38. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182196a7b

Abiramalatha T, Ramaswamy VV, Bandyopadhyay T, et al. Delivery room interventions for hypothermia in preterm neonates: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(9):e210775. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0775

Abman SH, Hansmann G, Archer SL, et al. Pediatric pulmonary hypertension: guidelines from the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society. Circulation. Nov 24 2015;132(21):2037-99. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000329 

Acworth J, del Castillo J,  Acworth E, et al. on behalf of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Advanced Airway Interventions in Pediatric Cardiac Arrest – Paediatric Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations [Internet] Brussels, Belgium: International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Paediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force, January 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/advanced-airway-interventions-in-pediatric-cardiac-arrest-pls-p1-tfsr

Acworth J, del Castillo J, Tiwari L, Atkins D, de Caen A. Energy doses for pediatric defibrillation during resuscitation. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Updated November 3, 2024. Accessed July 31, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/energy-doses-for-pediatric-defibrillation-during-resuscitation-pls-4080-12-tf-sr

Acworth J, Del Castillo J, Tiwari LK, et al. Energy doses for paediatric defibrillation in cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis. Resusc Plus. 2025;24:100991. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100991

Aggelina A, Pantazopoulos I, Giokas G, et al. Continuous chest compressions with asynchronous ventilation improve survival in a neonatal swine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;48:60-66. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.04.009

Agrawal V, Lakshminrusimha S, Chandrasekharan P. Chest compressions for bradycardia during neonatal resuscitation—do we have evidence? Children (Basel). 2019;6(11):119. doi:10.3390/children6110119

Aker K, Støen R, Eikenes L, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in India (THIN study): a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105(4):405-411. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-317311

Aker K, Thomas N, Adde L, et al. Prediction of outcome from MRI and general movements assessment after hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries: data from a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2022;107(1):32-38. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-321309

Akisu M, Huseyinov A, Yalaz M, Cetin H, Kultursay N. Selective head cooling with hypothermia suppresses the generation of platelet-activating factor in cerebrospinal fluid of newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;69(1):45-50. doi:10.1016/s0952-3278(03)00055-3

Alten J, Cooper DS, Klugman D, et al. Preventing cardiac arrest in the pediatric cardiac Intensive care unit through multicenter collaboration. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(10):1027-1036. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2238

American Academy of Pediatrics. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-576. doi:10.1542/peds.114.S2.555

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Pediatric Resuscitation Subcouncil. Cord management at birth for preterm infants. June 2024. Accessed September 7 2025. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/KV000000G0Z9/FJF0fJACnqsOBY8wKAF6Cvq0zgyEY4Jrpi_qBBfFgXc

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, Pediatric Resuscitation Subcouncil. Therapeutic hypothermia in limited resource settings. June 2024. Accessed October 2, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/KV000000G0ZY/bj8UxMvyJZ1uyKD3OYyFvIgH6Xm1qrGMkqCp8ucIZf8

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Resuscitation. Mannitol or hypertonic saline for acute major traumatic brain injury. American Red Cross. Updated June 2022. Accessed October 1, 2022.  

Amoako J, Komukai S, Izawa J, Callaway CW, Okubo M. Evaluation of use of epinephrine and time to first dose and outcomes in pediatric patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e235187. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5187

Andersson O, Lindquist B, Lindgren M, Stjernqvist K, Domellöf M, Hellström-Westas L. Effect of delayed cord clamping on neurodevelopment at 4 years of age: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(7):631-638. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0358

Arias-Reyes JA, Matos-Martínez M, Velásquez-Jones L, Dubey-Ortega LA. [Correction of hyperkalemia with intravenous salbutamol in children with chronic renal insufficiency]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1989;46(9):603-606. Corrección de la hiperkalemia con salbutamol endovenoso en niños con insuficiencia renal crónica.

Atabek ME, Aydin K, Erkul I. Different clinical features of amitraz poisoning in children. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2002;21(1):13-16. doi:10.1191/0960327102ht207oa

Atkins D, Acworth J, Chung SP, Reis A, Van De Voorde P; International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Pediatric and Basic Life Support Task Forces. Application of automated external defibrillators in infants, children and adolescents in cardiac arrest: Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendation [Internet] ILCOR.org. Updated January 28, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/inclusion-of-infants-children-and-adolescents-in-public-access-defibrillation-programs

Atkins DL, Acworth J, Chung SP, Reis A, Van de Voorde P. Lay rescuer use of automated external defibrillators in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review. Resusc Plus. 2022;11:100283. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100283

Bach AM, Kirschen MP, Fung FW, et al. Association of EEG background with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance neuroimaging and short-term outcomes after pediatric cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2024;102(5):e209134. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209134

Bajaj N, Udani RH, Nanavati RN. Room air vs. 100 per cent oxygen for neonatal resuscitation: a controlled clinical trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2005;51(4):206-211. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmh086

Bangshøj J, Liebetrau B, Wiberg S, et al. The value of the biomarkers neuron-specific enolase and S100 calcium-binding protein for prediction of mortality in children resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Pediatr Cardiol. 2022;43(7):1659-1665. doi:10.1007/s00246-022-02899-9

Banker A, Bell C, Gupta-Malhotra M, Samuels J. Blood pressure percentile charts to identify high or low blood pressure in children. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16:98. doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0633-7

Barber CA, Wyckoff MH. Use and efficacy of endotracheal versus intravenous epinephrine during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):1028-1034. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0416

Bennett KS, Clark AE, Meert KL, et al. Early oxygenation and ventilation measurements after pediatric cardiac arrest: lack of association with outcome. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(6):1534-1542. 

Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, et al. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces [published online ahead of print]. Circulation. November 9, 2023. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001179

Berg RMG, Hartmann JP, Iepsen UW, et al. Therapeutic benefits of proning to improve pulmonary gas exchange in severe respiratory failure: focus on fundamentals of physiology. Exp Physiol. 2022;107(7):759-770. doi:10.1113/EP089405

Berg RA, Morgan RW, Reeder RW, et al. Diastolic blood pressure threshold during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival outcomes: a multicenter validation study. Crit Care Med. 2023;51(1):91-102. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005715

Berg RA, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Association between diastolic blood pressure during pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Circulation. 2018;137(17):1784-1795. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.032270

Berg KM, Soar J, Andersen LW, et al. Adult advanced life support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16 Suppl 1):S92-S139. 

Bharadwaj SK, Bhat BV. Therapeutic hypothermia using gel packs for term neonates with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in resource-limited settings: a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58(5):382-388. doi:10.1093/tropej/fms005

Bhatt S, Alison BJ, Wallace EM, et al. Delaying cord clamping until ventilation onset improves cardiovascular function at birth in preterm lambs. J Physiol. 2013;591(8):2113-2126. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.250084

Boone MD, Oren-Grinberg A, Robinson TM, Chen CC, Kasper EM. Mannitol or hypertonic saline in the setting of traumatic brain injury: what have we learned? Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:177. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.170248 

Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial. Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. Feb 13 1986;314(7):397-403. doi:10.1056/nejm198602133140701 

Brooks GA, Park JT. Clinical and electroencephalographic correlates in pediatric cardiac arrest: experience at a tertiary care center. Neuropediatrics. 2018;49(5):324-329. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657757

Burrus S, Hall M, Tooley E, Conrad K, Bettenhausen JL, Kemper C. Factors related to serious safety events in a children’s hospital patient safety collaborative. Pediatrics. 2021;148(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2020-030346

Buick JE, Wallner C, Aickin R, et al. Paediatric targeted temperature management post cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis.  Resuscitation. Jun 2019;139:65-75. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.038 

Carreras-González E, Brió-Sanagustín S, Guimerá I, Crespo C. [Complication of the intraosseous route in a newborn infant]. Med Intensiva. 2012;36(3):233-234.

Cashen K, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Calcium use during paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with worse outcomes. Resuscitation. 2023;185:109673. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.109673

Cavallin F, Doglioni N, Allodi A, et al. Thermal management with and without servo-controlled system in preterm infants immediately after birth: a multicentre, randomised controlled study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2021;106(6):572-577. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320567

Celebi MY, Alan S, Kahvecioglu D, et al. Impact of prophylactic continuous positive airway pressure on transient tachypnea of the newborn and neonatal intensive care admission in newborns delivered by elective cesarean section. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(1):99-106. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1560041

Chang CY, Wu PH, Hsiao CT, Chang CP, Chen YC, Wu KH. Sodium bicarbonate administration during in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2021;162:188-197. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.035 

Chen X, Peng W, Zhang Z, et al. [Efficacy and safety of selective brain hypothermia therapy on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2018;30(11):1046-1050. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2018.011.007

Chen H, Song Z, Dennis JA. Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure-lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):Cd010904. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010904.pub3 

Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Drennan IR, et al. Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(21):1947-1956. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207304

Chettri S, Adhisivam B, Bhat BV. Endotracheal suction for non-vigorous neonates born through meconium stained amniotic fluid: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2015;166(5):1208-1213.e1201. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.076

Chong SL, Goh MSL, Ong GY, et al. Do paediatric early warning systems reduce mortality and critical deterioration events among children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resusc Plus. 2022;11:100262. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100262

Chrysostomou C, Morell VO, Kuch BA, O’Malley E, Munoz R, Wearden PD. Short- and intermediate-term survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with cardiac disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;146(2):317-325. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.11.014

Claassen CC, Strand ML. Understanding the risks and benefits of delivery room CPAP for term infants. Pediatrics. 2019;144(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1720

Costa-Nobre DT, Davis PG, Soll R, et al. Cord management at birth for preterm infants. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed September 7, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/cord-management-at-birth-for-preterm-infants-nls-787-systematic-review

Dabrowski W, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Robba C, et al. Potentially detrimental effects of hyperosmolality in patients treated for traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18). doi:10.3390/jcm10184141 

Dahm LS, James LS. Newborn temperature and calculated heat loss in the delivery room. Pediatrics. 1972;49(4):504-513.

Dainty KN, Atkins DL, Breckwoldt J, et al. Family presence during resuscitation. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Pediatric Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, and Education, Implementation, and Teams Task Forces. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed September 7, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/systematic-review-nls-family-presence-during-resus-neonatal-costr

Dainty KN, Atkins DL, Breckwoldt J, et al. Family presence during resuscitation in paediatric and neonatal cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2021;162:20-34. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.017

Das S, Sarkar N, Bhattacharya M, et al. Neurological outcome at 30 months of age after mild hypothermia via selective head cooling in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia using low-cost coolcap: a single-center randomized control pilot trial in India. J Pediatric Neurol. 2017;15(4):157-165.

Dawson JA, Ramaswamy V, de Almeida MF, et al. Maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth in preterm infants. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated January 18, 2023. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/maintaining-normal-temperature-immediately-after-birth-in-preterm-infants-nls-5101-tf-sr

de Almeida MF Dawson JA, Ramaswamy VV, et al. Maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth in late preterm and term infants. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated December 16, 2024. Accessed September 7, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/maintaining-normal-temperature-immediately-after-birth-in-late-preterm-and-term-infants-nls-5100

de Almeida MF, Guinsburg R, Isayama T, et al. Tactile stimulation for resuscitation immediately after birth. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated January 28, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/tactile-stimulation-for-resuscitation-immediately-after-birth-nls-5140-task-force-systematic-review

de Almeida MF, Guinsburg R, Sancho GA, et al. Hypothermia and early neonatal mortality in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2014;164(2):271-275.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.049

de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, et al. Part 12: Pediatric advanced life support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S526-S542. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266

de Caen AR, Maconochie IK, Aickin R, et al. Part 6: Pediatric basic life support and pediatric advanced life support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation.  2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S177-S203. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000275

de la Llana RA, Marsney RL, Gibbons K, et al. Merging two hospitals: the effects on pediatric extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2021;10(3):202-209. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715853

Del Castillo J, López-Herce J, Matamoros M, et al. Hyperoxia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia as outcome factors after cardiac arrest in children. Resuscitation. 2012;83(12):1456-1461. 

Dekker J, Hooper SB, Martherus T, Cramer SJE, van Geloven N, Te Pas AB. Repetitive versus standard tactile stimulation of preterm infants at birth—a randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2018;127:37-43. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.03.030

del Castillo J, Acworth J, López-Herce J, Kleinman ME, Atkins DL, Task Force. Ventilation rates in pediatric CPR with an advanced airway. Pediatric Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated Jan 5, 2024. Accessed Sept 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/ventilation-rates-in-pediatric-cpr-with-an-advanced-airway-pls-1587-tf-sr

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Djakow J, Ng KC, Raymond T, et al. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of hyperkalemia in paediatric patients with cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Updated November 23, 2024. Accessed July 31, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/pharmacological-interventions-for-the-treatment-of-hyperkalaemia-in-paediatric-patients-with-cardiac-arrest-pls-4160-17-tfsr

Drennan IR, Berg KM, Böttiger BW, et al; Advanced Life Support Task Force Collaborators. Advanced Life Support: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2025 Oct 21;152(16_suppl_1):S72-S115. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001360. Epub 2025 Oct 22. PMID: 41122842.

Duke M. Atrioventricular block due to accidental digoxin ingestion treated with atropine. Am J Dis Child. 1972;124(5):754-756. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110170132023

Duryea EL, Nelson DB, Wyckoff MH, et al. The impact of ambient operating room temperature on neonatal and maternal hypothermia and associated morbidities: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(4):505.e1-505.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.190

Edwards EM, Lakshminrusimha S, Ehret DEY, Horbar JD. NICU Admissions for meconium aspiration syndrome before and after a National Resuscitation Program suctioning guideline change. Children (Basel). 2019;6(5).

El-Naggar W, Davis PG, Josephsen J, et al. Cord management at birth for preterm infants. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated January 11, 2024. Accessed September 29, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/cord-management-at-birth-for-preterm-infants-nls-5051-tf-sr

El-Naggar W, Davis PG, Soll RF, et al. Cord management at birth for term and late preterm infants. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/cord-management-at-birth-for-term-and-late-preterm-infants-nls-1551-systematic-review

Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawöger R, Maurer H. Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80(1):F74-F75. doi:10.1136/fn.80.1.f74

Fawke J, Wyllie JP, Udeata E, et al. Suctioning clear amniotic fluid at birth. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated February 7, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/suctioning-clear-amniotic-fluid-at-birth-nls-5120-previous-596

Fawke J, Wyllie J, Udaeta E, et al. Suctioning of clear amniotic fluid at birth: a systematic review. Resusc Plus. 2022;12:100298. doi:10.1016/j. resplu.2022.100298

Feinstein BA, Stubbs BA, Rea T, Kudenchuk P. Intraosseous compared to intravenous drug resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2017;117:91-96. doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.06.014

Feldman A, De Benedictis B, Alpan G, La Gamma EF, Kase J. Morbidity and mortality associated with rewarming hypothermic very low birth weight infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2016;9(3):295-302. doi:10.3233/npm-16915143

Feroze F, Masood N, Khuwaja A, Malik FI. Neonatal resuscitation: the use of laryngeal mask airway. The Professional Medical Journal. 2008;15(1):148-152. doi:10.29309/TPMJ/2008.15.01.2716

Fink EL, Berger RP, Clark RS, et al. Serum biomarkers of brain injury to classify outcome after pediatric cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(3):664-674. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000435668.53188.80

Fink EL, Wisnowski J, Clark R, et al. Brain MR imaging and spectroscopy for outcome prognostication after pediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2020;157:185-194. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.06.033

Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1904

Foglia EE, Weiner G, de Almeida MF, et al. Impact of duration of intensive resuscitation. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed September 9, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/impact-of-duration-of-intensive-resuscitation-nls-896-systematic-review

Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Survival in children and young adults over 30 years, a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110103

Frank DB, Crystal MA, Morales DL, et al. Trends in pediatric pulmonary hypertension-related hospitalizations in the United States from 2000-2009. Pulm Circ. Jun 2015;5(2):339-48. doi:10.1086/681226

Fuerch JH, Rabi Y, Thio M, et al. Respiratory function monitoring for neonatal resuscitation. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Neonatal Life Support Task Force. Updated February 8, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/respiratory-function-monitoring-for-neonatal-resuscitation-nls-806

Galiè N, Channick RN, Frantz RP, et al. Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801889. 10.1183/13993003.01889-2018

Gane BD, Bhat V, Rao R, Nandhakumar S, Harichandrakumar KT, Adhisivam B. Effect of therapeutic hypothermia on DNA damage and neurodevelopmental outcome among term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2014;60(2):134-140. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmt098

Gardner MM, Hehir DA, Reeder RW, et al. Identification of post-cardiac arrest blood pressure thresholds associated with outcomes in children: an ICU-resuscitation study. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):388. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04662-9

Gomersall J, Berber S, Middleton P, et al. Umbilical cord management at term and late preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2021;147(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2020-015404

Gough CJR, Nolan JP. The role of adrenaline in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care.  2018;22(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2058-1

Granfeldt A, Avis SR, Lind PC, et al. Intravenous vs. intraosseous administration of drugs during cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2020;149:150-157. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.025

Granfeldt A, Holmberg M, Andersen LW, Ng KC, Djakow J. Pharmacological interventions for the acute treatment of hyperkalemia. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Advanced Life Support and Pediatric Life Support Task Forces. Unpdated November 5, 2024. Accessed July 31, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/pharmacological-interventions-for-the-acute-treatment-of-hyperkalemia-als-3403-tf-sr

Gray JM, Christoff A, Nuthall G, et al. Measuring invasive blood pressure during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Updated November 5, 2024. Accessed July 31, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/measuring-invasive-blood-pressure-during-pediatric-in-hospital-cardiac-arrest-pls-4160-08-tf-sr

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