Basic Life Support References

Abelairas-Gómez C, Barcala-Furelos R, Mecías-Calvo M, et al. Prehospital emergency medicine at the beach: what is the effect of fins and rescue tubes in lifesaving and cardiopulmonary resuscitation after rescue? Wilderness Environ Med. Sep 2017;28(3):176-184. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2017.03.013

Abelairas-Gómez C, Tobin JM, Jayashree M, et al. Ventilation Strategies (With vs Without Equipment) Following Drowning: Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations [Internet] International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). ILCOR.org. Updated November 18, 2022. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/ventilation-with-vs-without-equipment-before-hospital-arrival-following-drowning-bls-tfsr

Abella BS, Edelson DP, Kim S, et al. CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation. 2007;73(1):54-61. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.10.027

Adelborg K, Dalgas C, Grove EL, Jørgensen C, Al-Mashhadi RH, Løfgren B. Mouth-to-mouth ventilation is superior to mouth-to-pocket mask and bag-valve-mask ventilation during lifeguard CPR: a randomized study. Resuscitation. May 2011;82(5):618-622. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.01.009 

Ahn HJ, Cho Y, You YH, et al. Effect of using a home-bed mattress on bystander chest compression during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Hong Kong J Emerg Med. 2021;28:37-42. doi:10.1177/1024907919856485

American Red Cross. American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Aquatics: In-water resuscitation. 2019. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001ErA9/0_H.fuTibzy6u0C80RAwuBPEI_CvEkOkztzON2IrVuA

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Infection risk in first aid and CPR. American Red Cross. November 2021. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000tbgc/ZhXG5ByLnLjVQdgb.9ju6sfWEk86.OeCJDb2PbbUcXA

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Resuscitation: AED placement. American Red Cross. January 2017. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbc8/2iV_p3i7HTyRn1q1A1r7yK0O2tOiQB0oOlthhHxNJxU

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Resuscitation: AED placement in Infants. American Red Cross. Updated 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001Rok0/xKTroaLCJUDJdjSgYEgl7jC5yA46n1ZiRwlfAwfUgHA

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. 2024. Adult Resuscitation Subcouncil: Compression on a bed versus the floor. 2023. Accessed Sep 28, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001FNvL/sI6N0gOzBs2oKBtmA4NUqj1vM_mavBZLzL2CFEb4UPs

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Resuscitation: CPR for Drowning.  American Red Cross. January 2021. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001Eqdt/Ob.dLhMsbkoCjNwvEdtMtlgSHBs1LvVVUe_tF8veTDU

American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Resuscitation: Naloxone administration during resuscitation. American Red Cross. Updated 2017. Accessed August 27, 2021. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbdf/jf9ImyPr2A6RX1QnWFCFIBFmnidyM66rQTXYtduzqd0

Aoki K, Kurosawa H. Successful use of automated external defibrillation in a 1-month-old infant. Pediatr Int. Jul 2018;60(7):670-672. doi:10.1111/ped.13597

Aramendi E, Irusta U. To interrupt, or not to interrupt chest compressions for ventilation: that is the question! J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(1):E121-E123. doi:10.3978/j. issn.2072-1439.2016.01.04

Ashoor HM, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. Effectiveness of different compression-to-ventilation methods for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2017;118:112-125. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.05.032

Bachista KM, Moore JC, Labarère J, et al. Survival for nonshockable cardiac arrests treated with noninvasive circulatory adjuncts and head/thorax elevation. Crit Care Med. 2024;52(2):170-181. doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000006055

Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C, et al. Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation. 2008;79(3):424-31. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.017

Bang JY, Cho Y, Cho GC, Lee J, Kim IY. Can mobile videocall assist laypersons’ use of automated external defibrillators? a randomized simulation study and qualitative analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2020:4069749. doi:10.1155/2020/4069749

Barcala-Furelos R, Schmidt A, Webber J, et al. Immediate Resuscitation In-Water or Delaying Until on Land Strategies for Drowning: Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations [Internet]. Manuscript. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). ILCOR.org. Updated December 5, 2022. Accessed October 4, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/immediate-resuscitation-in-water-or-delaying-on-land-in-drowning-bls-tf-sr

Barcala-Furelos R, Szpilman D, Palacios-Aguilar J, et al. Assessing the efficacy of rescue equipment in lifeguard resuscitation efforts for drowning. Am J Emerg Med. Mar 2016;34(3):480-485. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.006

Beasley G. Firefighter-Down CPR: A New Approach. PowerPoint Presentation. 2017. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.bnhcrc.com.au/resources/presentation-slideshow/3977

Beerman S, Mecrow T, Fukuda T, et al. AED First vs CPR First for Drowning, Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations [Internet]. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). ILCOR.org. Updated April 5, 2022. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/aed-first-vs-cpr-first-in-cardiac-arrest-following-drowning-bls-856

Beesems SG, Berdowski J, Hulleman M, Blom MT, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Minimizing pre- and post-shock pauses during the use of an automatic external defibrillator by two different voice prompt protocols: a randomized controlled trial of a bundle of measures. Resuscitation. 2016;106:1-6. doi:10.1016/j. resuscitation.2016.06.009

Benoit JL, Lakshmanan S, Farmer SJ, et al. Ventilation rates measured by capnography during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations and their association with return of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation. 2023;182:109662. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.11.028

Berdowski J, Tijssen JG, Koster RW. Chest compressions cause recurrence of ventricular fibrillation after the first successful conversion by defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3(1):72-78.

Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, et al. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations: summary from the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2023;148(24):e187-e280. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001179

Berg RA, Sanders AB, Kern KB, et al. Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2001;104(20):2465-2470. doi:10.1161/hc4501.098926

Bertrand C, Hemery F, Carli P, et al. Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(6):843-851. doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0137-2

Bibl K, Gröpel P, Berger A, Schmölzer GM, Olischar M, Wagner M. Randomised simulation trial found an association between rescuers’ height and weight and chest compression quality during paediatric resuscitation. Acta Paediatr. Sep 2020;109(9):1831-1837. doi:10.1111/apa.15229

Bierens J, Abelairas-Gomez C, Barcala Furelos R, et al. Resuscitation and emergency care in drowning: a scoping review. Resuscitation. May 2021;162:205-217. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.033

Bierens J, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, et al. Automated external defibrillation in drowning. Review and Task Force Insights [Internet] ILCOR.org. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-856-automated-external-defibrillator-use-in-drowning-aed-use-tf-scoping-review

Bierens J, Barcala-Furelos R, Beerman S, et al. In-water resuscitation in drowning. Review and Task Force Insights [Internet]. ILCOR. Updated April 19, 2021. Accessed August 15, 2021. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-856-in-water-resuscitation-in-drowning-tf-scoping-review

Bierens J, Bray J, Abelairas-Gomez C, et al. A systematic review of interventions for resuscitation following drowning. Resusc Plus. Jun 2023;14:100406. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100406

Blomberg SN, Christensen HC, Lippert F, et al. Effect of machine learning on dispatcher recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during calls to emergency medical services: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. Jan 4 2021;4(1):e2032320. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32320

Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA, et al. Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2008;299(10):1158-1165. doi:10.1001/jama.299.10.1158

Bobrow BJ, Ewy GA, Clark L, et al. Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(5):656-662.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.011 

Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Berg RA, et al. Chest compression-only CPR by lay rescuers and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2010;304(13):1447-1454. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1392

Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Herlitz J, Hollenberg J, Svensson L. Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 2007;116(25):2908-2912. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.710194

Bolle SR, Scholl J, Gilbert M. Can video mobile phones improve CPR quality when used for dispatcher assistance during simulated cardiac arrest? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. Jan 2009;53(1):116-20. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01779.x 

Bray J, Case R, Nehme Z, et al. Bystander (without DA-CPR) compression-only CPR compared with conventional CPR in adults. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated January 16, 2025. Accessed August 1, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bystander-without-da-cpr-compression-only-cpr-compared-with-conventional-cpr-in-adults-bls-2220-tf-sr

Bray J, Cash R, Nehme Z, et al. Continuous chest compressions versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital CPR. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated December 3, 2024. Accessed August 3, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/continuous-chest-compressions-ccc-versus-standard-cpr-for-in-hospital-cpr-bls-2222-tf-sr

Bray J, Dassanayake V, Considine J, Scholefield B, Olasveengen TM. Starting CPR (ABC vs. CAB) for cardiac arrest in adults and children. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated January 22, 2025. Accessed August 1, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/starting-cpr-abc-vs-cab-bls-2201-tf-sr

Bray J, Noerskov AS, Considine J, et al. Removal of bra for pad placement and defibrillation: scoping review. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated November 3, 2024. Accessed August 3, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/removal-of-bra-for-pad-placement-and-defibrillation-scoping-review-bls-2604-tf-scr

Bray JE, Deasy C, Walsh J, Bacon A, Currell A, Smith K. Changing EMS dispatcher CPR instructions to 400 compressions before mouth-to-mouth improved bystander CPR rates. Resuscitation. 2011;82(11):1393-1398. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.018

Bray JE, Smith K, Case R, Cartledge S, Straney L, Finn J. Public cardiopulmonary resuscitation training rates and awareness of hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a cross-sectional survey of Victorians. Emerg Med Australas. 2017;29(2):158-164. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.12720

Bray JE, Smyth MA, Perkins GD, et al; Basic Life Support Task Force Collaborators. Basic Life Support: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2025 Oct 21;152(16_suppl_1):S34-S71. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001364. Epub 2025 Oct 22. PMID: 41122845.

Brooks SC, Clegg GR, Bray J, et al. Optimizing outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with innovative approaches to public-access defibrillation: a scientific statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2022;172:204-228. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.11.032

Burrus S, Hall M, Tooley E, Conrad K, Bettenhausen JL, Kemper C. Factors related to serious safety events in a children’s hospital patient safety collaborative. Pediatrics. 2021;148(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2020-030346

Cash R, Nehme Z, de Caen A, et al. Dispatcher-assisted compression-only CPR compared with conventional CPR in adults. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated December 3, 2024. Accessed August 1, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/dispatcher-assisted-compression-only-cpr-compared-with-conventional-cpr-in-adults-bls-2112-tf-sr

Cha KC, Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Kim H, Lee KH, Hwang SO. Hemodynamic effect of external chest compressions at the lower end of the sternum in cardiac arrest patients. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(3):691-697. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.09.026

Chan JS, Ng MX, Ng YY. Drowning in swimming pools: clinical features and safety recommendations based on a study of descriptive records by emergency medical services attending to 995 calls. Singapore Med J. Jan 2018;59(1):44-49. doi:10.11622/smedj.2017021 

Chan PS, Greif R, Anderson T, et al. Ten steps toward improving in-hospital cardiac arrest quality of care and outcomes. Resuscitation. 2023;193:109996. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109996

Chan PS, Krein SL, Tang F, et al. Resuscitation practices associated with survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide survey. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(2):189-197. 

Cheema K, O’Connell D, Herz N, et al. The influence of locked automated external defibrillators (AEDs) cabinets on the rates of vandalism and theft. Resuscitation. 2022;175(Supp 1).

Cheskes L, Morrison LJ, Beaton D, Parsons J, Dainty KN. Are Canadians more willing to provide chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? A nation-wide public survey. CJEM. 2016;18(4):253-263. doi:10.1017/cem.2015.113

Cheskes S, Drennan IR, Turner L, Pandit SV, Dorian P. The impact of alternate defibrillation strategies on shock-refractory and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a secondary analysis of the DOSE VF cluster randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2024;198:110186. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110186

Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Rea T, et al. The association between AHA CPR quality guideline compliance and clinical outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. Jul 2017;116:39-45. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.05.003 

Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Drennan IR, et al. Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(21):1947-1956. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207304

Cheskes S, Wudwud A, Turner L, et al. The impact of double sequential external defibrillation on termination of refractory ventricular fibrillation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2019;139:275-281. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.038

Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S, et al. Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2009;120(13):1241-1247. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.852202

Chong SL, Goh MSL, Ong GY, et al. Do paediatric early warning systems reduce mortality and critical deterioration events among children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resusc Plus. 2022;11:100262. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100262

Chung SP, Nehme Z, Johnson NJ, Lagina A, Bray J. Effects of personal protective equipment on cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and outcomes: a systematic review. Resusc Plus. Jun 2023;14:100398. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100398

Chung SP, Nehme Z, Lagina A, Johnson N, Bray J, Force. CPR by Rescuers Wearing PPE vs No PPE for Cardiac Arrest in Adults and Children Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations [Internet]. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). ICLOR.org. Updated January 8, 2023. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/cpr-by-rescuers-wearing-ppe-bls-tfsr

Claesson A, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J. Cardiac arrest due to drowning–changes over time and factors of importance for survival. Resuscitation. May 2014;85(5):644-8. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.006

Considine J, Couper K, Greif R, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in obese patients: a scoping review. Resusc Plus. 2024;20:100820. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100820

Considine J, Couper K, Greif R, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in obese patients. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated January 6, 2025. Accessed August 3, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/bls-2720-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-in-obese-patients-bls-tf-scr

Considine J, Gazmuri RJ, Perkins GD, et al. Chest compression components (rate, depth, chest wall recoil and leaning): a scoping review. Resuscitation. Jan 1 2020;146:188-202. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.08.042 

Contri E, Cornara S, Somaschini A, et al. Complete chest recoil during laypersons’ CPR: is it a matter of weight? Am J Emerg Med. Sep 2017;35(9):1266-1268. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.03.060

Couper K, Abu Hassan A, Ohri V, et al. Removal of foreign body airway obstruction: a systematic review of interventions. Resuscitation. 2020;156:174-181.

Couper K, Taylor-Phillips S, Grove A, et al. COVID-19 in cardiac arrest and infection risk to rescuers: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2020;151:59-66. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.04.022

Dainty KN DG, Vaillancourt C, Smyth M, Olasveengen T, Bray J. Interventions used with dispatcher-assisted CPR: a scoping review. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Accessed Oct 3, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/optimization-of-dispatcher-assisted-cpr-instructions-a-scoping-review-bls-2113-scr

Dainty KN, Debaty G, Waddick J, et al. Interventions to optimize dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions: a scoping review. Resusc Plus. Sep 2024;19:100715. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100715

Dalzell GW, Cunningham SR, Anderson J, Adgey AA. Electrode pad size, transthoracic impedance and success of external ventricular defibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(12):741-744. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90757-1

Debaty G, Dainty K, Norii T, et al. Effectiveness of ultra-portable or pocket automated external defibrillator. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Updated Jan 9, 2024. Accessed Sep 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/effectiveness-of-ultra-portable-or-pocket-automated-external-defibrillators-a-scoping-review-bls-2603-scr 

Debaty G, Johnson NJ, Dewan M, Morrison LJ, Bray J. Ventilation quality feedback devices. Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Basic Life Support Task Force. Updated January 23, 2025. Accessed August 3, 2025. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/ventilation-quality-feedback-devices-bls-tf-2402-scr

Debaty G, Perkins GD, Dainty KN, Norii T, Olasveengen TM, Bray JE. Effectiveness of ultraportable automated external defibrillators: a scoping review. Resusc Plus. Sep 2024;19:100739. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100739 

Debaty G, Segond N, Duhem H, et al. Comparison of end tidal CO₂ levels between automated head up and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a pre-post intervention trial. Resuscitation. 2024;204:110406. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110406

DC Fire and EMS. Firefighter Down CPR Drill. Video. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfVT-eDTkRM&t=21s 

Dee R, Smith M, Rajendran K, et al. The effect of alternative methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation – Cough CPR, percussion pacing or precordial thump on outcomes following cardiac arrest. A systematic review. Resuscitation. May 2021;162:73-81. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.027

de Vries W, Bierens JJ, Maas MW. Moderate sea states do not influence the application of an AED in rigid inflatable boats. Resuscitation. Aug 2006;70(2):247-253. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.01.008

Dewan M, Perkins GD, Schachna E, et al. Optimal surface for CPR: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Updated Sep 14, 2024. Accessed Sep 28, 2024. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/firm-surface-for-cpr-an-updated-systematic-review-bls-2510

Dewan M, Schachna E, Eastwood K, Perkins G, Bray J. The optimal surface for delivery of CPR: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Resusc Plus. Sep 2024;19:100718. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100718

Di Maio R, O’Hare P, Crawford P, et al. Self-adhesive electrodes do not cause burning, arcing or reduced shock efficacy when placed on metal items. Resuscitation. 2015;96:11. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.09.026

Djärv T, Douma MJ, Carlson JN, et al. ILCOR First Aid Task Force Collaborators. First Aid: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2025 Oct 21;152(16_suppl_1):S250-S282. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001358. Epub 2025 Oct 22. PMID: 41122841.

Drennan IR, Geri G, Brooks S, et al. Diagnosis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatch: a diagnostic systematic review. Resuscitation. Feb 2021;159:85-96. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.11.025 

Drennan IR, Lee M, Héroux JP, et al. The impact of real-time feedback on ventilation quality during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a before-and-after study. Resuscitation. 2024;204:110381. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110381

Dunne C, Morgan P, Bierens J, et al.; International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Basic Life Support Task Force. CAB or ABC in drowning: Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations. ILCOR. Updated January 20, 2022. Accessed August 14, 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/document/cab-or-abc-in-drowning-bls-856-tf-systematic-review

Dunne CL, Osman S, Viguers K, Queiroga AC, Szpilman D, Peden AE. Phase one of a global evaluation of suction-based airway clearance devices in foreign body airway obstructions: a retrospective descriptive analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Mar 24 2022;19(7). doi:10.3390/ijerph19073846

Dyson K, Brown SP, May S, et al. International variation in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a validation study of the Utstein template. Resuscitation. 2019;138:168-181. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.018

Dyson K, Morgans A, Bray J, Matthews B, Smith K. Drowning-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation.2013;84(8):1114-1118. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.01.020

Ebell MH, Vellinga A, Masterson S, Yun P. Meta-analysis of the accuracy of termination of resuscitation rules for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Emerg Med J. 2019;36(8):479-484.

Ecker R, Rea TD, Meischke H, Schaeffer SM, Kudenchuk P, Eisenberg MS. Dispatcher assistance and automated external defibrillator performance among elders. Acad Emerg Med. Oct 2001;8(10):968-73. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01096.x

Edelson DP, Litzinger B, Arora V, et al. Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(10):1063-1069.

Emmerich SD, Fryar CD, Stierman B, Ogden CL. Obesity and severe obesity prevalence in adults: United States, August 2021–August 2023. NCHS Data Brief. Sep 2024;(508). doi:10.15620/cdc/159281

Esibov A, Chapman FW, Melnick SB, Sullivan JL, Walcott GP. Minor variations in electrode pad placement impact defibrillation success. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(2):292-298. doi:10.3109/10903127.2015.1076095

Firefighters Support Foundation. Rapid Intervention Team CPR. Video. Firefighters Support Foundation. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijhlaVcCMfQ

Friedman J, Mann NC, Hansen H, et al. Racial/ethnic, social, and geographic trends in overdose-associated cardiac arrests observed by US emergency medical services during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry. Aug 1 2021;78(8):886-895. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0967

Fuest K, Dorfhuber F, Lorenz M, et al. Comparison of volume-controlled, pressure-controlled, and chest compression-induced ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an automated mechanical chest compression device: a randomized clinical pilot study. Resuscitation. 2021;166:85-92. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.07.010

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